Home > Down Payment > 20 Percent Down
Informational only. Not mortgage advice. Consult an NMLS-licensed loan officer for personalised guidance.
20 Percent Down: The No-PMI Threshold
20 percent down is the cultural default but rarely the financially optimal choice. The threshold matters because it eliminates Private Mortgage Insurance and drops the LLPA matrix to its floor, but the opportunity cost of the extra cash usually exceeds the PMI savings for borrowers above 680 FICO with access to diversified investments. This page walks through when 20 percent makes sense (jumbo, investment, second home, low credit) and when it does not (standard purchase with strong credit and investing alternatives).
All figures as of June 2026. LLPA and reserve rules per Fannie Mae Selling Guide.
Quick Answer at 20% Down
$400K home, 740 FICO conv: $80,000 down + ~$10,000 closing
Monthly PITI (no PMI): ~$2,425
Assumes 6.50% rate, 1.1% property tax, $1,500/yr insurance. As of June 2026.
What 20 Percent Down Actually Saves
One thing changes at 20 percent down, and it is the big one: PMI disappears, because no Private Mortgage Insurance is required on loans at 80 percent LTV or below. On a $400K loan at 740 FICO, PMI at 90 percent LTV is roughly $167 a month. Eliminating PMI saves $2,000 a year for the period PMI would have been in place (typically 9-11 years until amortisation drops the loan to 78 percent of original value).
The agency adjuster does not help, and it is worth being precise because the opposite is widely repeated. Reading the Fannie Mae LLPA Matrix dated 30 September 2026 across the 740-759 row, the purchase-money adjuster is 0.750 points at 85.01-90 percent LTV and 0.875 points at 75.01-80 percent LTV. Moving from 10 percent down to 20 percent down therefore costs 0.125 points more, about $500 upfront on a $400K loan, not less. The adjuster only falls away lower down the LTV scale: 0.375 points at 70.01-75 percent, 0.125 points at 60.01-70 percent and zero below 60 percent. So the case for 20 percent down rests on PMI elimination, worth roughly $167 a month here, against a small adjuster penalty, for a net carrying-cost saving in the region of $160 a month for the first 9-11 years.
The extra cash required: $40,000 more than 10 percent down on a $400K home, or $80,000 more than 5 percent down. The opportunity cost of that cash, invested at 7 percent in a diversified portfolio over 10 years, is the swing variable that determines whether 20 percent makes financial sense.
The Break-Even Math: Cash vs Invested
Comparison over 10 years: $40K extra down (10% to 20%) vs $40K invested at 7% real return. $400K home, 740 FICO, conventional 30-year fixed.
| Strategy | Cash at closing | 10-yr PMI cost | $40K invested at 7% | Net advantage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20% down (no PMI) | $80,000 | $0 | n/a | Baseline |
| 10% down + invest $40K | $40,000 | $18,500 | $78,700 | +$20,200 |
| 10% down + invest $40K @ 4% | $40,000 | $18,500 | $59,200 | +$700 |
| 10% down + cash savings 1% | $40,000 | $18,500 | $44,200 | -$14,300 |
PMI cost assumes 0.50% annual at 740 FICO, principal balance reaching 78% LTV around month 132. Investment returns are pre-tax; tax drag reduces the net advantage in taxable accounts. Holding $40K in a tax-advantaged account (401k, IRA) preserves the full pre-tax return.
The clear pattern: if you can reliably earn more than the PMI rate on alternative investments, keeping the cash invested beats putting it down. The PMI rate at 740 FICO is effectively 0.50 percent of the loan amount. Most diversified portfolios beat that over 10-year horizons. The case for 20 percent down is strongest at low credit profiles (where PMI is expensive) and at conservative-investor profiles (where alternative returns are low).
When 20 Percent Down Is the Right Call
Low credit profile (sub-680 FICO)
PMI prices steeply below 680. At 620 FICO with 90 percent LTV, PMI is 1.20 percent annually, or $400 a month on a $400K loan. Eliminating that saves $4,800 a year, and that saving alone is what makes the case. The adjuster again moves the other way: in the 620-639 row the matrix charges 2.625 points at 85.01-90 percent LTV and 2.750 points at 75.01-80 percent, so 20 percent down costs 0.125 points more here too. At this credit tier the PMI saving dwarfs it, so the conclusion holds even though the usual reason given for it does not.
Jumbo loans (above conforming limit)
Most jumbo investors require 20 percent down as a program minimum. The handful of jumbo programs that accept 10 or 15 percent down price aggressively higher and often require PMI or lender-paid MI built into the rate. 20 percent is the standard expectation for jumbo and usually delivers the best rate execution.
Investment property (1-4 unit non-owner-occupied)
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac investment property loans require 15-25 percent down depending on unit count. 1-unit investment with strong credit can sometimes do 15 percent down at premium pricing; 20-25 percent is the typical floor. 2-4 unit investment requires 25 percent down minimum. 20 percent is the practical entry point for investment-property pre-approval.
Conservative-investor profile
If you would otherwise hold the cash in a high-yield savings account at 4-5 percent, the PMI savings narrow the gap and sometimes flip. Retirees, near-retirees, and risk-averse investors who do not want stock-market exposure on the marginal cash often come out ahead with 20 percent down.
Cash-Reserve Discipline at 20 Percent Down
One trap with 20 percent down: depleting all reserves to hit the threshold. The Fannie Mae Selling Guide requires two months of PITI in liquid reserves for most conventional loans, and lenders often want 3-6 months on stronger files. Closing with zero reserves is technically allowed under DU Accept but increases risk of trouble at the first appliance breakdown or job-loss event.
On a $400K loan with $3,000 PITI, two months of reserves is $6,000 and six months is $18,000. The reserve number is on top of the cash needed for down payment and closing costs. A buyer with $80K in savings putting 20 percent down on $400K plus $10K closing has $90K of needs against $80K of cash, which is the wrong direction.
The disciplined alternative: 10-15 percent down (saving $20K-$40K of cash), keeping $20K in liquid reserves, and investing or holding the remainder for repairs and future opportunities. The PMI cost is the price of liquidity, and at typical PMI rates the trade-off is usually worth it.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do I really need 20 percent down for a conventional mortgage in 2026?
No. You can buy with as little as 3 percent down on Conventional 97 or HomeReady, or 5 percent down on standard conventional. 20 percent down is not required for any agency program. The 20 percent number is the threshold at which Private Mortgage Insurance is not required, but PMI cancels through amortisation anyway around year 9-11. The 20-percent question is therefore not about access but about cost-vs-cash optimisation.
How much do I save by putting 20 percent down vs 10?
On a $400K home, the difference between 10 percent down ($40K) and 20 percent down ($80K) is $40K in extra cash at closing. That cash eliminates PMI, which at 680 FICO is about $250 a month. The simple payback period is therefore 160 months, or 13 years. If you would otherwise invest the $40K and earn 6 percent annually, the investment grows to $86K over 13 years, vs $40K saved in PMI. The investment usually wins for borrowers at 680+ FICO.
When does 20 percent down actually make sense?
Three cases. First, when you have a low-credit profile (sub-680) where PMI is expensive. Second, when you cannot reliably earn the PMI rate on alternative investments (conservative investors, retirees who hold cash). Third, when you are buying a second home, investment property, or jumbo, all of which often require 20-25 percent down at the program level (not just for PMI avoidance). Outside those cases, the math usually favours 10-15 percent down with a side investment in low-cost index funds.
Does 20 percent down get me a better rate?
Not through the LLPA matrix, which is the opposite of what most summaries say. On the Fannie Mae matrix dated 30 September 2026, a 740-759 borrower pays 0.875 points at 75.01-80 percent LTV and 0.750 points at 85.01-90 percent LTV, so the adjuster is actually 0.125 points higher at 20 percent down than at 10 percent down. The 2023 restructure cut the high-LTV cells precisely because those loans carry mortgage insurance that offsets agency risk. What 20 percent down saves is the mortgage insurance itself, not the adjuster: on a $400K loan at 740 FICO that is roughly $167 a month of PMI, far more than the 0.125-point difference costs. The matrix only reaches its cheapest cells well below 80 percent LTV, at 70 percent and under.
Is 20 percent down required for jumbo?
Usually yes. Most jumbo investors require 20 percent down minimum, with a handful accepting 10 or 15 percent at premium pricing. Private-bank wealth-management jumbo (Chase Private Client, BofA Wealth Management) sometimes allows 10-15 percent down for relationship-deposit clients. Super-jumbo above $3M almost always requires 25-35 percent down. Conventional jumbo at 20 percent down is the standard expectation.
Do I need 20 percent down for an investment property?
Per Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac selling guides, investment property purchases (1-4 unit non-owner-occupied) require 15-25 percent down depending on property type and number of units. 1-unit investment: 15 percent down minimum with very strong credit (740+ FICO, 6 months reserves), 20 percent more typical. 2-4 unit investment: 25 percent down minimum. Some DSCR (debt-service-coverage-ratio) loans allow 20 percent down on investment 1-4 unit at higher rates.
What is the opportunity cost of putting 20 percent down?
If a borrower puts an extra $40K into a down payment instead of investing it, they avoid the PMI cost (typically $1,500-$3,000 a year at 680 FICO, 90 percent LTV) but forgo any return on the $40K. At a 7 percent expected long-run return on a diversified stock portfolio, $40K grows to $80K in 10 years and $156K in 20 years. The PMI savings over the same horizon are at most $25K (because PMI cancels around year 11). The opportunity cost of putting 20 percent down is roughly $30K-$60K over a 15-year horizon at moderate market returns.